10+Grade+-+WW1,+RR,+TOV+Test

World War One 1914-1918

Long Term General Causes - know EXAMPLES for each Imperialism- European countries gaining African colonies (Race for Empire), Germany wants an empire Militarism- European countries weren't afraid of war, glorifyign military in Germany, previous wars were very easy so they are cocky Nationalism (aggressive and also self-determination)- Austria-Hungary didn't want their empire to collapse, Bosnia tried to break away from Autria-Hungarian empire, Pan Slavism (Slavs want to defend all Slavic countries including Serbia) Alliance System- created to prevent future wars, but ended up creating a world war because both alliances had big countries. no one wanted to go to war against a bigger country

Who was in each alliance - what was the purpose of the alliances? Triple Alliance- Germany, Italy, Turkey, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria Triple Entente- Britain, France, Russia, UK, eventually USA

Specific causes Fear of German power (economic and military) Britain vs. Germany - naval race- example of militarism Alsace-Lorraine- motivated France to get **it** back from Germany Easiness of colonial wars All of Africa and Asia are conquered, so there's not many places left to gain control of How did a local Balkan war turn into a global conflict?- Black Hands (Serbian terrorists) killed the Austrain Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand, Russia supported the Serbs, and entered the war New weapons The Serbs assassinated the Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand

Schlieffen Plan - what it was and why it failed Designed by General Alfred von Schlieffen to avoid a two-front war against France and Russia. Germany wanted to beat France then advance to Russia, and planned to go through Belgium. It failed because Russia mobilized much faster than Germany had predicted, the Belgians fought courageously and flooded their own land, Britain sent its elite troops to France and France sent taxis of people to slow the Germans (and it worked), weapons (machine guns) were good defense but bad offense

Trench Warfare Bombardment- inaccurate shelling, no surprises, no-mans land is destroyed (lots of craters) Going over the top- charging at enemy after shelling Machine guns- immobile, bad offense, good defense Barbed wire- hard to enter trench with barbed wire, need ladders or corpses to go around it, Tunnels- detectable with planes or metal rod in teeth, sometimes met enemy at other end of tunnel and fought down there Planes- good for photographing enemy lines, bad for attacking Gas- caused a lot of fear in soldiers, only wounded them Rats- lots of rats in trenches Lice- 95% of soldiers had lice Trench foot- diseased feet from being wet all day Tanks- later in war, good for traveling across no-man's land "Total War"- the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort
 * Armistice** 11/11/18- not peace just no more shooting there was no invasion in Germany after WW1

Changes caused by the war (see my powerpoint from the beginning of the unit) Women- could now work and vote, but many lost their jobs to men when soldiers came home Deference- "maybe we know whats best for us as opposed to the people at the top knowing whats best for us" empires gone- Ottoman and Austria-Hungary are gone, British and French empires get bigger rise of totalitarianism in Germany and Russia socialism/communism Russian Revolution secularism- church supported the war, people come back and lost love of church education, literacy of lower classes - becoming more informed- political newspapers for working people - lower classes started voting for lower class candidates

So many changes going on that people wanted more order Russian Revolution (see powerpoint) Identify: Czar Nicholas II: -not very savvy with what ordinary people went through -devoted to family -not good in battle Rasputin: -czar left govt under control of unpopular german wife, Alexandria and the monk Rasputin -rasputin slept with most of the court -could fix czar’s sons hemophilia -murdered in the end of 1916, but faith in govt lost Marxism, adjustments for Russia: -1848, karl wrote “the communist manifesto”- the history of all previous societies -history is the story of class struggle -capitalism exploits -revolution is inevitable - didn’t think revolution would happen in Russia first because of industrialization -russia was mostly agrarian (growing industry from 1880s), poorly educated -revolutionary change should come through the peasant -land redistribution -split into 2 groups (Bolsheviks and mensheviks) -huge country -no warm water ports to Europe -different ethnic groups and languages -communication problems -because of Russo-Japanese war, there were food shortages and more poverty -first time European country lost against Asian -people started bread riots -Marched to the palace with pictures of the Czar asking him to re-evaluate the war situation and to give food -Guards fired on the people and killed them all, even though they weren't armed or violent -Many died which is why it's called Bloody Sunday Period of Hope: -1906-1914 duma meets (although becomes more conservative under peter stolypin) -perhaps first step to gradual democracy Duma -maybe Russia is emerging into modern country
 * Lenin:** leader of the Bolshevik party and of the Russian Revolution
 * Problems governing Russia**
 * 1905 Revolution (Russo-Japanese War, Bloody Sunday)**
 * War - Czar leads, blamed, Rasputin, German wife**
 * Events of 1917 - March - riots, strikes, soldiers join revolution, abdication of Czar, Provisional Govt (Kerensky)- mistake of continuing the war**
 * November - storming of Winter Palace**
 * Elections - ignored by Bolsheviks**
 * Staying in power - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk**

- gave up 1/3 of income, 1/3 farming areas, ½ industry
America's entry into the war -say they'll stay the same, which helps Britain and France, but bad for Germany
 * Unrestricted submarine warfare**
 * Debts**
 * Fighting for democracy - end of the Czar**
 * Zimmerman Telegram**

Treaty of Versailles Aims of Britain, France and USA Names of leaders of Britain, France, USA 14 points (broad idea)- peace, stabliity, strength, democracy, self-determination New countries created- Poland, Finland, Czechoslovakia Weakening of Germany (territories, size of army, navy and airforce, reparations, colonies, war guilt) Establishment of the League of Nations- place where countries can meet and talk, germany not allowed to join, USA and Russia aren't in it Reasons Treaty was fair: 1. France and Belgium deserved money (the war was fought on their soil) 2. Some of the territorial changes can be justified 3. Germany was even harsher on Russian in January 1918 (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) 4. If Germany had won, their treaty would have been much harsher 5. German cities intact, no invasion 6. Czechoslovakia and Poland had self-determination 7. France deserved protection 8. Germany needed restraint (they were aggressive since they became a country) 8. Germany had used horror tactics in the war Reasons Treaty was unfair: 1. Reparations were high (but Germany made no effort to pay) 2. Germany defenseless because their armed forces were restricted 3. Germany split up- no longer contiguous 4. Article 23- War Guilt Clause 5. Germany wasn't allowed in the League of Nations until 1926 6. Many Germans now live as minorities in other countries 7. Germany lost colonies, Britain and France allowed to keep them
 * Britain – (power and stability) Protect and expand British empire, maintain dominance of seas, buffer zones bet France and Germany and also Russia and Germany for stability
 * France – (revenge and safety) revenge against Germans for fighting on their soil, buffer between them and Germany, don’t want Germany to take advantage of unstable Russia
 * USA- peaceful Europe they can trade with
 * Britain – David Lloyd George
 * France – Georges Clemenceau
 * USA – Woodrow Wilson
 * issued by Wilson; list of terms for resolving WW1 and future wars (freedom of seas, free trade, large-scale reductions of arms, end to secret treaties)
 * winners and losers**
 * enforcable**
 * missing a payment?**