10th+Grade+Review


 * Middle Ages**

Feudal System

Kings Lords Soldiers/knights Peasants Serfs
 * Give land to the lords
 * Get Men to fight – protection
 * Get taxes from the lords
 * Give land to knights/soldiers
 * Get soldiers to fight for king
 * Give small amounts of land for peasants/serfs
 * Get work from peasants
 * had to ask permission from their lords to marry, receive a small amount of land, sometimes used as soldiers
 * Don’t get anything - close to slavery

Black Death
 * Labor shortage -> higher wages/ work less time on lord’s land
 * Undermining the church (people lost faith) - > No solution
 * lots of clergy die (gave jobs to unworthy people)
 * Weaker leadership – challenges to the church (Lollards)
 * Sense of equality -> Everybody susceptible to the black death
 * Wealthier peasants -> inherited a lot of land
 * Attempts to go back to feudalism -> revolts
 * Population goes down, fewer people to feed, fewer workers on the fields
 * 190 years to get back to the population Europe had before the Black Death

Role of Church
 * great chain of being – every person has their place in society – can’t move your position in the chain – class system based on land ownership
 * Church was big boss

Lack of nation states
 * Difficult to have a nation state in the 1200 – bad communication
 * Only England, France, and Spain were big
 * There were many clusters of principalities

**Renaissance**

Meaning – A time of creativity and change in many areas—political, social, economic, and cultural. **around 1500, period of “rebirth” of ancient Greek and Roman ideals such as humanism, science, and rationalism.**

Humanism – definition, why important, consequences
 * An intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian renaissance That focused on worldly subjects relating to human rather then old religious ones. They wanted to end suffering unlike medieval times.
 * Important because it broke people away from old ways and it was a new better way of looking at things, self-achievement
 * Consequences – undermined religion, more social mobility, effect on education

Changes in art
 * Paintings, sculptures, and architecture flourished
 * It was supported by popes and patrons
 * Representing humans and landscapes in a realistic way was more popular
 * Represented humanist views
 * New ways of doing art
 * New techniques:
 * Perspective (distant objects smaller)
 * More geometry and math (doing calculations)
 * Use of anatomy (live models)
 * Shading (round and realistic)

Use of science
 * science controls science
 * anatomy – realistic paintings by looking at human bodies/cadavers
 * science and art – proportion and perspective
 * architecture
 * medicine
 * astronomy and astrology
 * agricultural techniques
 * social sciences were more popular
 * explained history through facts and inference rather than theology
 * contrast of light and dark (chiaroscuro)
 * Michelangelo/Da Vinci

Famous work of Michaelangelo : Sistine Chapel Da Vinci : the last supper, mona lisa, scientist Raphael : Sistine Madonna, school of Athens, architect Donatello : David the thinker, sculptor
 * Lead the way with art including paintings, sculptures, and architecture
 * Multi-talented thinkers

Machiavelli
 * interested in who should be maintaining power and how they should rule
 * Cynical about human behavior
 * Thought humans were cynical, manipulative, will use each other for own purposes
 * Believed to get results it was okay to break promises (cut corner = lie/cheat and tread on people to get ahead)
 * Thoughts included Psychology, political thought, ethics, science
 * Does not believe God should be used as a justification for ruling
 * to rule it is best to be loved and feared so people dont want to revolt and know not to break your rules
 * but if only one is possible fear is better

**The Reformation**

Problems with the Catholic church
 * People resented the wealth of the church
 * Poor quality of priesthood (see Erasmus source)
 * “Superstitions”
 * Paying for indulgences
 * Too many loopholes and “rules” created by the theologians
 * The bible lost true meaning
 * The bible was in latin and not the vernacular, so no one could understand it
 * Church should not be involved in secular/temporal matters eg non-religious wars, successions

Complaints of Luther –

//Indulgences//
 * Favored wealthy people
 * Church should not be involved with money
 * Too complicated and superstitious

//Relics//
 * Churches and people were lying about relics to make money
 * Superstitious
 * People actually thought that praying/worshiping a figure would help them

//non-marriage of priests//
 * Unnecessary
 * Marriage would promote family values

//translation of Bible//
 * Spread word of the bible to everyone
 * Didn’t have to just be in Latin
 * Shouldn’t be the pope's interpretation
 * problem with getting exact meaning of words - have to interpret which is difficult if pone wants a literal Bible
 * the bible should be the the //vernacular//
 * Vernacular: the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region

//church involvement in secular affairs//
 * Church should not involved with money and economics
 * Should not be involved with war

//power of priests//
 * Too elite
 * Preform immoral acts because they can't have sex
 * Believe there position justifies them doing whatever they want

//power of the Pope//
 * No biblical reason for pope
 * Caused poor interpretations of bible
 * People should be able to interpret it themselves
 * Too much power
 * Was in charge of rejecting or accepting all changes, too poweful

//Confession//
 * People should be able to confess only to god
 * People (especially the nobles or people with reputations) were afraid to confess to priests

//Raising money to build St.Peters//
 * Church used money from indulgences to build new church
 * Extorting the people and treating them unfairly

Peasant's War
 * Luther condemned the actions of the peasants
 * Rule by divine right, thus revolt is against the wishes of God
 * "render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's"
 * also Romans 13: 1-7
 * rebels are stealing, killing... etc. thus breaking God's rules
 * blasphemous- calling themselves 'Christian Brethren'

Calvinism – predestination, austere lifestyle, Puritanism > *predestination > *right to overthrow non-Christian ruler
 * Predestination – Path god choices for you (if your saved or not)
 * when you are born it is determined whether you will go to heaven or hell
 * Lifestyle
 * No singing bad songs
 * No dancing
 * No gambling
 * No drinking
 * You //must// attend church on Sunday
 * Another form of Protestantism which simplified things even more and made more strict
 * *puritan lifestyle
 * If you have to choose between your ruler and god, choose god

Spread of Protestantism – support of German princes, decline of Catholic church power
 * Peace of Augsburg – Princes can choose religion for land
 * Luther’s ideas spread fast because of the printing press
 * A lot of disloyalty to church – more support to Protestantism

Changes to the English church – Henry VIII’s divorce, compromise church Edward VI - very Protestant Mary - Very Catholic Elizabeth I - compromise (eg example of Eucharist wafer both symbolizing and being the body of Jesus)
 * He needed to change the England to Protestantism so he could divorce
 * Main reasons for creating a new church:
 * Divorce allowed
 * Gave Henry more power
 * All the money from the church went directly to him
 * Kept most catholic ideas
 * Transubstanence
 * Communion
 * Clergy Celibacy
 * confession
 * didn't marry so she wouldn't have to choose a protestant or catholic

__**Scientific Revolution**__

Danger of ideas to church power Scientific discoveries were proving beliefs instilled by the Church wrong

Copernicus Galileo Vesalius Harvey Leeuwenhoek Boyle Paré Galen Kepler Bacon Newton Scientific Method
 * Planetary movements- planets dont move in a circle
 * Heliocentric (sun-centered)
 * Astronomy
 * New telescope
 * Believed we should use science to support the bible
 * Studied human body
 * Published book about it
 * Circulation system
 * Perfected microscope
 * Saw first cells and microorganism
 * Pressure of gas
 * Difference between individual elements and chemical compounds
 * Composition of matter
 * Surgery
 * ointment
 * Medicine was heavily reliant of the works of Galen, but he had only had a limited amount of knowledge of human anatomy and therefore made many errors
 * Heliocentric universe
 * Figured out that the planets don’t move in a circle but in an ellipse
 * Empiricism
 * Scientific Method
 * Gravity
 * Calculus
 * Using reason, logic, and experimentation to prove things
 * Bacon and Descartes

**Absolutism**

Definitions – constitutional monarch, absolute monarch, divine right (have examples of each from the 17th and 18th centuries) >
 * Constitutional: A monarch who acts as head of state but is bound to parameters of a constitution. (governs while abiding to a set of rules or regulations) Example: 1653 – king is brought back, Oliver Cromwell is no more and it is now a Constitutional monarchy (parliament is in control) (ex. Britain)
 * Absolute: A monarch who acts as the head of state and has to binding constitution. (has unrestricted power) Ex. Russia, Prussia, Spain, France, //Louis// XIV of France
 * Divine Right: Gods will for a person to rule (god chooses certain person to rule) (ex. Louis XIV)

**Enlightenment**

“state of nature”
 * theoretical state in which society lacks government
 * there is no structure in the society
 * something to consider: is it better to be in a state of nature or total dictatorship?

Social contract theory >
 * Group of people each surrendering personal freedom as necessary to promote the safety and well being of all. By this contract the members created a government. The social contract gives rights and responsibilities to both the citizenry and the government. (instead of having a "State of nature")
 * Relationship between individuals and gov’t
 * Involves some sort of protection
 * you hand over some rights over to the government - in return they protect other rights

Natural rights
 * Life, liberty, property - Locke
 * you are born with these rights and they cant be taken away from you

Influence on American Revolution – basic understanding of each of these

Locke – wrote two treatises on government Descartes Voltaire
 * Man is not evil, man starts as blank slate
 * If state of nature occurs man will form society and deals
 * Life, liberty, and property in return for rulers ruling
 * If 3 things are not performed by government than overthrow them
 * "I think therefore I am"
 * Believed in rationalism
 * Rationalism: a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
 * religious tolerance, anti-war
 * Ridiculed old ways of thinking
 * Friends with CTG
 * Wrote Candide, a sarcastic play

Hobbes - wrote leviathan
 * Since man is inheritantly evil the state of evil would be horrible
 * Do everything to avoid state of nature
 * Better to live under a strong leader with followable rules than state of nature
 * Don’t overthrow government unless they are arbitrarily doing bad things

Wollstonecraft
 * First feminist though she would not have recognized the word
 * Through education women would gain rights

d’Holbach – Atheist
 * God is an excuse when we cant find the answer
 * Belief in god when we cant find answer
 * God and ministers are used to maintain social order

Diderot – encyclopedist
 * Tried to gather all knowledge for the public
 * Lots of essays
 * Anti slavery with Wilber force

Montesquieu Encyclopedists
 * Encyclopedist
 * Separation on power in government

Rousseau – social contract – European
 * Believed in liberty
 * But people have trouble to start with should have help form gov’t
 * Believed in freedom and equality, especially for children

Paine - common sense
 * Theist
 * Justified American revolution
 * Believed nothing was definitely true without evidence

Empiricism
 * Experimentation
 * Observation
 * Measurement
 * Data
 * even apply to study of sociology, history, psychology, ethics (i.e. utilitarianism)

Rationalism
 * Common sense
 * use of logic

Consequentialism – utilitarianism (greatest good for the greatest number, most pleasure, least pain for the greatest good) Kantian ethics – Deontology – duty/intent – do what is right, especially if you don’t want to
 * Bentham – act utilitarianism – decide on a case by case basis
 * Mill –rule utilitarian (create rules) – follow them always
 * Bentham and Mill – democracy, rights, free speech, consequentialism (look at the consequence)
 * What is the right thing to do (moral intent even though you wanted to do the wrong thing)? Does it past the universality test? (if it was not okay, it would lose it’s meaning)
 * Yes = categorical imperative
 * No = don’t do it
 * never use a person as a means to an objective
 * Mill and free speech - arguments
 * no opinion should be oppressed
 * Opinion might be correct
 * robbing truth from mankind
 * humans think they are incapable of being wrong, but we aren’t so we have to be open to the fact that the opinion may be wrong
 * your opinion isn’t right until it has been tested amongst the wrong opinions
 * Opinion is wrong
 * Opinions has to be tested
 * Reinforce the right opinion
 * To oppress someone’s opinions belittles them as a human being
 * Harm Principle – right to do anything as long as it does not harm someone else